#heavy thermal equipment operators

[liquidplates]

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[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Liftoff! NASA’s Europa Clipper Sails Toward Ocean Moon of Jupiter

The massive spacecraft heads for Europa to search for signs of whether the ocean thought to exist beneath the moon’s icy shell could support life.

NASA’s Europa Clipper has embarked on its long voyage to Jupiter, where it will investigate Europa, a moon with an enormous subsurface ocean that may have conditions to support life. The spacecraft launched at 12:06 p.m. EDT Monday aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

The largest spacecraft NASA ever built for a mission headed to another planet, Europa Clipper also is the first NASA mission dedicated to studying an ocean world beyond Earth. The spacecraft will travel 1.8 billion miles (2.9 billion kilometers) on a trajectory that will leverage the power of gravity assists, first to Mars in four months and then back to Earth for another gravity assist flyby in 2026. After it begins orbiting Jupiter in April 2030, the spacecraft will fly past Europa 49 times.

“Congratulations to our Europa Clipper team for beginning the first journey to an ocean world beyond Earth,” said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. “NASA leads the world in exploration and discovery, and the Europa Clipper mission is no different. By exploring the unknown, Europa Clipper will help us better understand whether there is the potential for life not just within our solar system, but among the billions of moons and planets beyond our Sun.”

Approximately five minutes after liftoff, the rocket’s second stage fired up and the payload fairing, or the rocket’s nose cone, opened to reveal Europa Clipper. About an hour after launch, the spacecraft separated from the rocket. Ground controllers received a signal soon after, and two-way communication was established at 1:13 p.m. with NASA’s Deep Space Network facility in Canberra, Australia. Mission teams celebrated as initial telemetry reports showed Europa Clipper is in good health and operating as expected.

“We could not be more excited for the incredible and unprecedented science NASA’s Europa Clipper mission will deliver in the generations to come,” said Nicky Fox, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Everything in NASA science is interconnected, and Europa Clipper’s scientific discoveries will build upon the legacy that our other missions exploring Jupiter — including Juno, Galileo, and Voyager — created in our search for habitable worlds beyond our home planet.”

The main goal of the mission is to determine whether Europa has conditions that could support life. Europa is about the size of our own Moon, but its interior is different. Information from NASA’s Galileo mission in the 1990s showed strong evidence that under Europa’s ice lies an enormous, salty ocean with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. Scientists also have found evidence that Europa may host organic compounds and energy sources under its surface.

If the mission determines Europa is habitable, it may mean there are more habitable worlds in our solar system and beyond than imagined.

“We’re ecstatic to send Europa Clipper on its way to explore a potentially habitable ocean world, thanks to our colleagues and partners who’ve worked so hard to get us to this day,” said Laurie Leshin, director, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “Europa Clipper will undoubtedly deliver mind-blowing science. While always bittersweet to send something we’ve labored over for years off on its long journey, we know this remarkable team and spacecraft will expand our knowledge of our solar system and inspire future exploration.”

In 2031, the spacecraft will begin conducting its science-dedicated flybys of Europa. Coming as close as 16 miles (25 kilometers) to the surface, Europa Clipper is equipped with nine science instruments and a gravity experiment, including an ice-penetrating radar, cameras, and a thermal instrument to look for areas of warmer ice and any recent eruptions of water. As the most sophisticated suite of science instruments NASA has ever sent to Jupiter, they will work in concert to learn more about the moon’s icy shell, thin atmosphere, and deep interior.

To power those instruments in the faint sunlight that reaches Jupiter, Europa Clipper also carries the largest solar arrays NASA has ever used for an interplanetary mission. With arrays extended, the spacecraft spans 100 feet (30.5 meters) from end to end. With propellant loaded, it weighs about 13,000 pounds (5,900 kilograms).

In all, more than 4,000 people have contributed to Europa Clipper mission since it was formally approved in 2015.

“As Europa Clipper embarks on its journey, I’ll be thinking about the countless hours of dedication, innovation, and teamwork that made this moment possible,” said Jordan Evans, project manager, NASA JPL. “This launch isn’t just the next chapter in our exploration of the solar system; it’s a leap toward uncovering the mysteries of another ocean world, driven by our shared curiosity and continued search to answer the question, ‘are we alone?’”

More About Europa Clipper

Europa Clipper’s three main science objectives are to determine the thickness of the moon’s icy shell and its interactions with the ocean below, to investigate its composition, and to characterize its geology. The mission’s detailed exploration of Europa will help scientists better understand the astrobiological potential for habitable worlds beyond our planet.

Managed by Caltech in Pasadena, California, NASA JPL leads the development of the Europa Clipper mission in partnership with the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The main spacecraft body was designed by APL in collaboration with NASA JPL and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall executes program management of the Europa Clipper mission.

NASA’s Launch Services Program, based at NASA Kennedy, managed the launch service for the Europa Clipper spacecraft.

[snapmite1998]

Crimson Dawn’s Use of Smugglers: Evading Republic and Law Enforcement

Overview

In their pursuit of dominance and expansion, Crimson Dawn consistently engages in illegal activities requiring discreet and secure transportation. To evade the Republic and law enforcement, they hire experienced smugglers who excel in navigating dangerous routes and avoiding detection. These smugglers play a crucial role in transporting illicit cargo, which includes weapons, spice, stolen goods, rare artifacts, and more, ensuring that Crimson Dawn’s operations remain uninterrupted and profitable.

The Role of Smugglers

1. Expertise and Skills

- Navigational Mastery: Smugglers are skilled pilots capable of navigating the galaxy’s most treacherous routes. Their knowledge of lesser-known hyperlanes and hidden pathways allows them to avoid heavily patrolled areas and checkpoints.

- Stealth and Evasion: These operatives are adept at using stealth technology and evasive maneuvers to avoid detection by Republic forces and law enforcement. They utilize jamming devices, cloaking fields, and other advanced technologies to stay off the radar.

2. Discreet Operations

- Covert Cargo: Smugglers specialize in transporting illegal cargo without drawing attention. This includes using false compartments, hidden storage spaces, and other deceptive measures to conceal their illicit payload.

- False Manifesting: To cover their tracks, smugglers often use falsified documents and manifests. These forgeries ensure that any inspections or scans performed by authorities don’t reveal the true nature of their cargo.

Types of Illegal Cargo

1. Weapons and Armaments

- Advanced Weaponry: Smugglers transport an array of advanced weaponry for Crimson Dawn, including blaster rifles, disruptors, thermal detonators, and heavy ordinance. These weapons are destined for use by Crimson Dawn forces or for sale to allied factions.

- Black Market Arms: Access to black market weapons also means that smugglers often transport highly restricted or experimental technology, ensuring Crimson Dawn maintains a technological edge over its rivals.

2. Spice and Illicit Substances

- Spice Trade: The lucrative spice trade requires discreet and reliable transportation. Smugglers haul valuable spice from production sites to distribution points, evading customs and law enforcement along the way.

- Recreational Drugs: In addition to spice, other recreational and controlled substances are smuggled across the galaxy. These shipments generate substantial profit, funding Crimson Dawn’s operations.

3. Stolen Goods and Artifacts

- Rare Artifacts: Smugglers transport stolen relics, artworks, and valuable cultural items. These treasures are either sold to collectors or used to bolster Crimson Dawn’s dark side research.

- Pilfered Technology: Advanced technologies, including droid components, starship parts, and scientific equipment, are frequently stolen and smuggled. These items enhance Crimson Dawn’s capabilities and resource pool.

4. Sentient Cargo

- Human Trafficking: Tragically, smugglers are also involved in transporting slaves and trafficked individuals. These sentient beings are often bound for Zygerrian slave markets or directly to Crimson Dawn’s labor camps.

- Prisoners of War: During conflicts, captured enemy combatants, political prisoners, and notable figures are smuggled to secure locations for interrogation, ransom, or forced labor.

Hiring Process and Contracting

1. Selection Criteria

- Reputation and Reliability: Crimson Dawn hires smugglers based on their reputation for reliability and discretion. Only those with proven records in successfully completing missions without detection are considered.

- Network and Connections: Smugglers with extensive networks and connections within the underworld are highly valued. These connections facilitate smoother operations and provide additional layers of protection.

2. Contractual Agreements

- Payment and Incentives: Smugglers are well-compensated for their services, with payment structures that include upfront fees, hazard bonuses, and percentages of profits from the cargo they transport.

- Secrecy Clauses: Contracts often include strict confidentiality agreements, ensuring that all information regarding the nature of the cargo and the specifics of the mission remains undisclosed.

Methods and Tactics

1. Stealth Ships and Modified Freighters

- Custom Modifications: Smugglers frequently use heavily modified freighters and stealth ships. These modifications include advanced propulsion systems, reinforced hulls, and state-of-the-art cloaking devices.

- Hidden Compartments: Ships are equipped with hidden compartments and false panels to store illicit goods, making it nearly impossible for authorities to uncover the true cargo without extensive searches.

2. Diversion and Deception

- Decoy Ships: To further avoid detection, smugglers sometimes employ decoy ships. These ships lead law enforcement on wild chases, allowing the true cargo to pass through unnoticed.

- Transport Convoys: Smugglers might also travel in convoys, blending in with legitimate trading vessels to avoid raising suspicion. These convoys use coordinated flight paths and communications to maintain cover.

The Smuggler’s Journey

1. Pre-Mission Preparations

- Route Planning: Before embarking on a mission, smugglers meticulously plan their routes, identifying potential hazards, checkpoints, and safe havens. This preparation minimizes the risk of exposure.

- Coordination with Contacts: Smugglers communicate with their contacts within Crimson Dawn to ensure all aspects of the mission are understood and that contingency plans are in place.

2. Execution

- Real-Time Adaptation: During transport, smugglers remain adaptable, ready to alter their course in response to unforeseen challenges. Their ability to think on their feet is essential for evading patrols and navigating dangerous territories.

- Delivery and Handover: Upon reaching their destination, smugglers execute a discreet handover of the cargo, ensuring all items are securely transferred to Crimson Dawn operatives without attracting attention.

Impact on Crimson Dawn Operations

1. Sustained Illegal Activities

- Continuous Supply: The efficient and discreet transport of illegal cargo keeps Crimson Dawn’s operations running smoothly. This continuous supply line is critical for maintaining the organization’s power and influence.

- Expansion of Reach: The use of expert smugglers allows Crimson Dawn to extend its reach into new territories without alerting law enforcement or rival factions, facilitating further expansion and consolidation of power.

2. Financial Gains

- Revenue Generation: The illicit cargo transported by smugglers represents significant financial value. This revenue funds various aspects of Crimson Dawn’s enterprise, including weapon procurement, bribes, and the construction of projects like the Blood Star.

- Economic Control: By dominating the illegal trade through these smuggling operations, Crimson Dawn exerts considerable economic control over the black market, reinforcing its position in the criminal underworld.

Conclusion

Crimson Dawn’s strategic use of experienced smugglers for the transport of illegal cargo highlights the organization’s adaptability and cunning. By hiring skilled operatives from the galaxy’s most dangerous and discreet circles, they ensure the seamless execution of their illicit activities while avoiding the scrutiny of the Republic and law enforcement.

This reliance on smugglers not only sustains their illegal operations but also enables them to expand their influence and control within the galaxy’s underworld. As long as Crimson Dawn and its network of smugglers remain in place, the organization’s power and reach will continue to grow, unimpeded by the watchful eyes of the authorities.

[thetruearchmagos]

On Shields, Armour, And Vehicles With Both

Ever since making this post a while back, I haven't stopped thinking of how I might try to 'balance' shields and armour, and I've come up with two ideas. Here they are.

Tagging @oddcryptidwrites @theprissythumbelina @nerdexer @caxycreations @hessdalen-globe

@kckramer @vyuntspakhkite-l-darling

Author's Note; the following post is stupidly, incredibly long winded, and occasionally employs some language most sane people will never come across. I'm sorry.

What The Shield Is

The short answer here, is very expensive. That pretty much answers the question of why so few non-UC militaries used it until recently, which is neat, but the United Commonwealth famously doesn't give to shits about cost if it makes for better-enough-than-everyone-else's equipment.

The long answer, and the more relevant one, is that the actual equipment involved in shielding armoured vehicles is bulky and heavy, which means that as far as volume and weight goes the balance between armour and shielding is still in the latter's favour, but to a significantly lower degree than my first plans implied. 'Protective Field Projectors', to use the in-world terminology, are basically the size and profile of the sorts of cameras they use to make films;

But with stuff coming out of the 'lens' rather than coming in. Full, all-aspect protection will require several individual projectors, especially if you intend on layering them.

Bumping up the weight and volume constraints also applies to the auxiliary equipment that the projectors need to operate. In particular, I'm taking a page out of all good sci-fi and demanding the use of thermal energy regulation systems to shed the monumental amount of energy these shields output both to operate normally and especially when having to take hits in combat. These, plus some pretty beefy power generation requirements, and all the wiring needed to connect these sub-systems, will all put a pretty nasty penalty on including a truly top-shelf shield system on your vehicle.

A small note to end this section, but since I intend for technology to develop pretty quickly in the 20 or so years that the 'great wars' take place over, I absolutely expect for miniaturisation and optimisation to significantly improve the technology surrounding these 'field projectors'. All the same, there's a reason the competition between protection and weaponry is an 'arms race', and the constant ramping up of the anti-shield threat will mean even improved protection systems will struggle mightily to keep pace, and sheer mass of system will be important.

What The Shield Does

And yet, if shields were truly universally indomitable, all these significant restrictions would merely take shielded vehicles down a peg, not give good ol' heavy metal (or ceramic) a lease on life. This is where specifying the types of munition that shields operate best against might be helpful.

For a brief intro into the world of modern 'Anti-Tank', most weapons seeking to kill armoured vehicles rely on either kinetic energy or chemical energy penetrators. These are, respectively;

The former relies on concentrating a massive amount of kinetic energy into a single, hardened point in the form of that 'long rod', while the latter uses an explosive to deform a conical shape of metal into a fast moving, 'semi-liquid' jet.

The actual distinction as far as this armour-shields thing is concerned will be that shields will perform highly effectively against shaped charges. The most 'state of the art' ground vehicle mounted shield systems can effectively pre-detonate the warhead at a significant stand-off distance from the vehicle, and the resulting premature stream will have its penetrative capacity weakened by the resulting 'air gap' and be gradually broken up by successive layers of shields in that space between the point of detonation and the hull.

The real distinguishing point here is how shields work, which I'm going to explain as briefly as I can, and keeping Magic System talk to a minimum. The flat plane projected by a 'field projector' works sort of like a belt, coming out one side, being spread out and 'held' at points in the air in front of it, then coming back in.

This physical field is what the warhead impacts, but it's important to note that the field almost never actually tries to outright stop what's hitting it. At the speeds and amounts of energy modern weaponry produces, the sudden spike of energy shot through the projector mechanisms that stopping something dead would entail could very well 'flare out' that delicate machinery and render it useless, regardless of whether the incoming threat was stopped or not, and that's before factoring in the damage this would have on the shield's cooling system.

When it comes to shaped charges, the resistance required just to detonate the warhead a good distance away would hardly overpower even the earliest shields to enter actual service, and by layering shields and carefully tailoring their 'degree of resistance' you can sorta get the same effect that Explosive Reactive Armour and composite armour provides in breaking up the resulting jet.

Kinetic penetrators, however, can punch with such an overwhelming amount of energy that even successive layers of modern shielding can be overcome by the most top-shelf penetrators, failing in sequence to preserve the projector itself.

This is not helped by the presence of certain 'Magi-materials' in the 12 Worlds whose properties take those desired in penetrators (density, hardness, and strength) and dial them up to 11. In short, if someone really wants to punch through shields, they can, and they will, as long as they can put together a good enough APFSDS shot.

This, then, is where armour comes in.

The same fucky-wucky 'Magic-ifieid' materials science that makes things like the aforementioned long rod penetrator possible have led to quick some buggery in the world of modern armour, making it leagues better than the options available in real life. 'Face hardened crystal plate', for example, can withstand immense amounts of force without cracking, and is now widely used across the UC's frontline combat vehicles.

Now, time for caveats. Firstly, this is not to say that shields will have absolutely no effect on kinetic penetrators. Depending on the angle they impact at, the resistance the shield offers before failing might be enough to induce a 'tumble' in the penetrator's flight profile, which can undermine its penetrative performance once it hits the hull. That being the case, once it does hit the hull, let's just say you'll be wishing you had the armour between the long rod and yourself.

Secondly, the fact that I've buffed armour to hell and back raises the question of why, then, one would bother investing in shields at all. The short answer to this is that armour's weight and impact on internal volume poses limits on 'how much' of it you can have, and where on the vehicle it goes. The long answer, is below.

The One With The Other

We've settled how shields and armour each function individually, but in order to figure out what the actual state of protection looks like on the battlefield, we still have to consider what the threats out there actually look like. The answer is... complicated.

To make a reference to current-day threats to armoured vehicles, the short answer, as I see it, is this; on a modern battlefield, you are far, far more likely to encounter someone slinging shaped charges in your direction, than kinetic darts, be it in the form of shells, missiles, or even drones once those become a thing.

You see, here's something I didn't mention previously about the distinction between these two classes of ordnance; kinetic penetrators rely on impacting a target at speed, which requires them being shot out of a high velocity cannon and means that their performance is (to a degree) reduced with range. Shaped charges, on the other hand, could detonate standing still and inflict the exact same amount of damage - literally, in the case of the sorts of mines which use such warheads.

This property makes a shaped charge warhead much easier to deliver onto a target's forehead than a kinetic penetrator, increasing the variety of potential delivery mechanisms.

Since, then, shaped charges are the more prevalent threat of the two, it makes sense to invest quite heavily in a highly effective and cost efficient defence against them in the form of shields. Kinetic penetrators thus become a more specialised but still highly lethal threat, which creates a need for a capability which can perform its mission in the face of their presence - in short, a heavily armoured vehicle.

Handily for me, the prevalence of shields itself also requires that at least some effort be put into fielding the kinetic penetrators that're best suited to knocking them out.

So... How Do We Use It?

Of course, how, precisely, the two 'swords' on the one hand and the two 'shields' (heh) on the other interact in practice is contingent on a host of other factors, and these capabilities themselves are just small inputs into the much larger picture of military competition. Nonetheless, I shall at least try to answer this question specifically in the case of the United Commonwealth Army, which first introduced shields into the world of land warfare and has developed that technology to its greatest extent.

The whole force structure of the UCA's deployable field force is divided into categories according to the types and intensities of conflict each is expected to engage in. 'Light forces' include both the Airborne Corps and other rapidly mobile troops lacking in heavy equipment, and is designed for rapid intervention into emerging crises the Worlds over on a moment's notice. 'Armoured forces', on the other hand, is comprised of said heavy equipment in excess, slow to move but nigh unstoppable when it does, and serves to duke it out with similarly well armed belligerents in open battle.

The needs of these various 'classes' of troop thus inform the types of capability they need or are willing to part with, and for the purposes of this discussion 'protection' tends to be the first thing on the chopping block. For example, 'Skyjumpers' (name pending) patrolling an urban area in the midst of intense civil unrest are a lot less likely to be shot at by state of the art missiles or guns than an armoured battalion fighting another, and so Airborne troops were late to adopt the earliest, bulkiest models of shield projector, and even now employ only light shielding against obsolete systems and small arms. The amount of mass and volume dedicated to shields generally increases with the actual mass and size of the vehicles in question, though actual hard armour is typically excluded.

Now to turn to the subject that began this whole rant and the original post above, the actual 'heavily armoured', high intensity forces themselves. For reference to some terms I'll be using, here's a common graphic that defines the traits of most ground vehicles;

Let's start with some commonalities. Everything in this weight class is tracked, and working with a much higher 'base' / minimum weight and volume limit than the stuff above. The threats posed by an actual organised and equipped enemy army are much more vigorous than what insurgents can offer, and the UC's response to that is to place an absolute premium on protection across the vehicle fleet. Finally, considerations such as NBC protection, optics, and communications should be pretty much standard across all vehicles here.

We can now turn to the differences that set our vehicles apart, and it's here that we come across another simplified dichotomy to add to this list; you can either have a big weapon and lots of protection, or infantry and some protection, but not both.

The need to bring along infantry in a vehicle makes things challenging. "About eight passengers with baggage" comes out to a helluva lot of internal volume, which is what makes including a 'big gun' with its turret and ammunition highly impractical. The sheer size that this class of vehicles will grow to also limits the amount of protection that can be included to a greater extent that sheer tonnage might imply.

On the flip side, going with only crew members leaves significantly more room for whatever weapon system you have in mind as well as protection, though some trade offs will still be needed. As for what specific weapon we're using, the size and weight needed to operate a high velocity cannon needed to deal with shielded targets nicely coincides with the availability of both in this infantry-less vehicle - a missile armed vehicle is certainly possible, but the versatility of cannons outside of just shooting kinetic penetrators means they can deal with a wider variety of targets than highly specialised missiles which, in the UC, can be brought into battle by a variety of other vehicles. (And no, they don't try and launch missiles from guns, but that's a long topic for another time.)

Now that the relative physical characteristics of these two categories of vehicle are pretty well defined, we can now ask how these considerations shape the 'protection schemes' of either.

For the infantry transports, creatively called Armoured Infantry Transports (AITs) in the UCA, actual armour has been largely cut down in favour of doubling down on shields. This, again, ties into the much greater prevalence of shaped charge based threats to armoured vehicles, especially in the hands of enemy infantry that AITs can expect to get up close and personal with.

For the similarly creatively named Armoured Combat Vehicles (ACVs), or 'guntracks', these can afford to have both armour and shields, and in bulk. Armour is concentrated on the turret and in the front facing aspect of a guntrack, but while AIT shields cover all angles equally, guntracks especially concentrate their shields on the side and rear, which usually lack the special composite plates reserved for the front.

A Final Note On Shields

It should be kept in mind that everything in the post above should be taken to apply specifically and exclusively to ground vehicles and their shields. The actual 'protective field' technology was, in fact, equally pioneered by the UC Navy, and the sheer scale and mass that they have to work with has resulted in significantly realities for how shields can function, and different courses of action and adaptation.

[beardedmrbean]

Vacuum vessel sectors for the world's largest fusion project, made in South Korea, have been delivered to the construction site in Cadarache, France.

Four of the nine vacuum vessel sectors for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) were built in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries at its large shipyard in Ulsan.

Vacuum vessels will improve radiation shielding and plasma stability by providing a high vacuum environment for the plasma. The fusion reactions will be housed in the vessel, which will also offer access to remote handling procedures.

South Korea was originally assigned two ITER vacuum vessel sectors but took on two more in 2016, increasing its responsibility to four.

Precision welding mastery

The ITER vacuum vessel plays a crucial role in nuclear fusion, creating the high-vacuum environment needed to sustain ultra-high-temperature plasma.

Weighing 5,000 tons, this massive structure is composed of nine sectors and features 44 ports for key functions like diagnostics, remote handling, heating, and fuelling. With an interior volume of 1,400 m³, the vessel offers a unique experimental arena for advancing fusion research.

Constructed in four segments per sector, the assembly process involves over 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) of precision welding. Maintaining tolerances within a few millimeters is essential to ensure the proper integration of internal components, reflecting the advanced fabrication and engineering required for such a complex structure. Its double steel walls are equipped with circulating cooling water to dissipate heat generated during operations efficiently.

The vessel’s interior is lined with actively cooled blanket modules, providing shielding from high-energy neutrons produced by fusion reactions. Some modules will also support future studies by testing materials for tritium breeding concepts, a step vital for sustaining fusion power.

According to the National Research Council of Science and Technology, by facilitating plasma confinement in a high-energy regime, the ITER vacuum vessel represents a landmark achievement in fusion technology, pushing the boundaries of sustainable energy development.

Thermal shielding breakthrough

The first vacuum vessel sector for ITER was delivered to ITER in August 2020 after it was taken off the assembly line in April 2020. The final sector sailed on August 24, 2024, and it went through the ITER gates after circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and continuing north to the Strait of Gibraltar and into the Mediterranean.

Work started on the first of the four enormous components in October 2012. Two six-meter steel slabs that were 60 millimeters thick were shaped using high-pressure water jet cutting.

The press forming was followed by heat treatment to relieve internal metal tension, machining, welding, drilling (hundreds of holes, at 11 hours per hole), and finally assembling and welding the four segments and set of ports that make up the finalized vacuum vessel sector.

ITER noted that two layers of thermal shielding are placed between the vacuum vessel and cryostat to reduce heat transfer from warm components to those operating at 4.5K, like the magnets. This setup decreases heat loads by over two orders of magnitude, ensuring the cryoplant can manage the residual heat with a practical capacity.

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Inside Climate News:

Inside a cinder block office building perhaps best known for the Hindu temple and table tennis club next door, a startup company is testing what may be one of the hottest new developments in clean energy technology.

At the back of a small warehouse laboratory buzzing with fans and motors, an MIT spinoff company called Electrified Thermal Solutions is operating something its founders call the Joule Hive, a thermal battery the size of an elevator.  

The Hive is a large, insulated metal box loaded with dozens of white-hot ceramic bricks that convert electricity to heat at temperatures up to 1800 degrees Celsius—well beyond the melting point of steel—and with enough thermal mass to hold the heat for days.

As the price of renewable energy continues to plummet, one of the biggest challenges for the clean energy transition is finding a way to convert electricity to high temperature heat so societies don’t have to continue burning coal or natural gas to power heavy industries. Another thorny issue is finding a way to store energy—in this case heat—for when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow.

“If you are running an industrial plant where you’re making cement or steel or glass or ceramics or chemicals or even food or beverage products, you burn a lot of fossil fuels,” Daniel Stack, chief executive of Electrified Thermal Solutions, said. “Our mission is to decarbonize industry with electrified heat.”

The industrial sector accounts for nearly one-fourth of all direct greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S., which drive climate change, according to the EPA. Thermal batteries powered by renewable energy could reduce roughly half of industry’s emissions, according to a 2023 report by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, a nonprofit, and its affiliated Renewable Thermal Collaborative. 

Additional emissions come from chemical reactions, such as carbon dioxide that is formed as an unwanted byproduct during cement production, and from methane that leaks or is intentionally vented from natural gas pipes and other equipment. 

The challenge to replacing fossil fuel combustion as the go to source for heat, is that there aren’t a lot of good options available to produce high temperature heat from electricity, Stack said. Electric heaters, like the wires that turn red hot in a toaster, work well at low temperatures but quickly burn out at higher temperatures. Other, less common materials like molybdenum and silicon carbide heaters can withstand higher temperatures, but are prohibitively expensive.

As a grad student at MIT, Stack wondered if firebricks, the bricks commonly used in residential fireplaces and industrial kilns, could be a less expensive, more durable solution. Bricks do not typically conduct electricity, but by slightly altering the recipe of the metal oxides used to make them, he and ETS co-founder Joey Kabel were able to create bricks that could essentially take the place of wires to conduct electricity and generate heat.

“There’s no exotic metals in here, there’s nothing that’ll burn out,” Stack said standing next to shelves lined with small samples, or “coupons,” of brick that he and his team have tested to find the ones with the best heating properties. 

[ashes-2-ashes57cba]

The Bad Batch: Valkyrie

Episode 8: The Crossing

edited by @ryleeeeeenn warnings: dislocated shoulder

It was hotter and dustier than Specter would have liked, but the Batch was in no station to complain. They all carefully exited the Marauder and followed Hunter down the rocky path along the canyon. 

“According to Cid’s coordinates, this is the mine she purchased,” Tech announced as they came upon the entrance. 

“And we’re supposed to do what?” Omega questioned while he climbed up the steps to the terminal.

“Excavate the site for ipsium. It is tremendously valuable when refined. However, in its raw state, the mineral is highly combustible, like a primed thermal detonator,” Tech recited, unlocking the door.

“Sounds dangerous,” Wrecker laughed, “I like it!” Specter smiled underneath her helmet, glad at least two of them were still in a decent mood. Since Echo left, the Batch felt more unbalanced than ever, and it did nothing to boost morale. Cid gave them no time to recover and gave them this mission as soon as they stepped foot in the parlor. Wrecker and Specter did their best to ease tensions, but there was only so much they could do as they made the trip in silence. 

She eyed the massive door as it gave entrance to the dark and looming mine. Despite the general somber mood, Specter felt comfort in the darkness; she felt powerful when she could squeeze in and out of any space unseen and spy for hours on end. However next to her, Omega reached for her hand, shifting uncomfortably at the sight. Specter gave her a reassuring squeeze before noticing Hunter had turned away from the group and crouched to the ground, eyeing the horizon.

“Problem?” Tech came down from the terminal to ask.

“The storm’s moving away from us. We should be fine,” Hunter said, slowly standing up. 

“How do you think we should split, Sarge?” Specter asked, eyeing the distant dust. 

“You, me, and Tech will mine the ipsium. Wrecker, Omega, you’re on lookout.” 

“If I may differ,” Tech interjected, “without Echo, we are a man down. We need Wrecker to assist with operations inside the mine.” Specter tensed; bringing up Echo didn’t help, but insinuating that she wasn’t enough to get the job done hurt just as bad. 

“He and I can switch,” she said, dejected. Hunter held up a hand, sighing.

“Cid warned us about poachers in the area. I would feel better if at least Wrecker was out here.” Omega looked up between them all, mostly at Tech, who had slouched in defeat an admitted-

“Specter will be able to provide adequate assistance.” Hunter nodded. Specter was glad his original plan would work out. 

“Keep your eyes peeled and comm us if you see anyone,” Hunter instructed, taking the heavy equipment from Wrecker. And with that they split off; Hunter, Tech, and Specter made their way into the darkness of the mine with only dim lanterns to light their way. She wondered how they would have tackled this job if Echo were still with them but she shook the thought out of her head, she had enough distractions already, watching Hunter readjust his grip on the equipment case was one of them. 

“My scans are not indicating a sizable presence of ipsium,” Tech reported, looking up from his scanner. 

“I wouldn’t be surprised if Cid was deceived into purchasing a mine that was already depleted,” Specter said. “It wouldn’t be the first time we became her punching bags after a deal gone wrong.”

“Keep scanning. We’ll extract whatever we can,” said Hunter. He spared a glance at Specter, who kept an eye on the surrounding cave walls; he could have easily ordered her to scout ahead, but he wanted to keep her within his sights. 

“Wait,” Tech stopped them, “I am getting a faint reading.” They watched as he scanned the chamber, pinpointing their target. “There,” he pointed to a small patch, high in the wall. The three approached, leaning up against the wall to get a better view.

“That might be difficult to reach,” Specter commented.

“We’ll need to carve out a bigger opening in the rock to get to it,” Hunter suggested.

“The mineral is far too unstable. Even the slightest friction around it can cause a destructive chain reaction,” Tech refuted. 

“Then what do you suggest?” Hunter questioned before they both slowly turned to look at Specter.

“Yeah, I’ll give it a shot,” she said after analyzing the tight space. She took off her helmet, pack, and axe, and began to climb the scaffolding, carefully finding her footing between the rock and metal. Hunter climbed up and handed her the mining tool. 

“Drill into the fossilized quartz until you reach the active ipsium inside,” Tech instructed as she prepped the drill. “But you must be precise. If the mineral becomes compromised during retrieval-”

“Chain reaction, explosion. I know, Tech,” Specter said, rolling her eyes. Carefully she broke through the quartz and started drilling.

“Be very careful,” Hunter slowly warned.

“Hush, love, I’m concentrating,” she replied just as slowly. Once she reached the glowing mineral inside, Specter switched the drill out for the containment vial, drawing in the glowing material from the crevice. Once the vial was full, she maneuvered herself out of the tight space and hooked her legs around the scaffolding, hanging upside down to present the ipsium to the boys. 

“Good,” Tech complimented, taking the vial from her and handing her an empty one. “Again.” 

“The storm’s changing course,” Wrecker reported as Tech, Hunter, and Specter, emerged from the mine. Specter stretched out her arms and neck while Hunter lugged the ipsium they harvested over his shoulder.

“The weather patterns on this planet are most irregular,” Tech said.

“We have what we came here for,” Hunter continued, handing the ipsium to Wrecker. “Let’s get back to Ord Mantell.”

A second later his head snapped up.

“Spec!” he called. She joined him in jumping off the platform and running toward where the Marauder was hidden, running as fast as they could. She overtook him, hearing the engines powering up against the wind

No! Specter pushed herself, pumping her arms harder and making her stance longer; but it wasn’t enough. They watched as the Marauder flew away from them.

“Stop!” Omega cried, just as she and the others caught up. Specter slumped over with her hands on her knees, catching her breath.

“You were supposed to be on lookout,” Hunter immediately turned to scold Wrecker.

“There was no one there!” he tried to defend.

“Clearly that was not the case,” Tech refuted.

“There has to be a way to get it back, right?” Omega asked as Hunter took off his helmet. Specter knew he didn’t have an answer. None of them did. Their silence said enough, with the only noise coming from the distant sandstorm.

“Tell me, Wrecker, how exactly did you miss our ship being compromised?” Tech asked, half in rhetoric and half in genuine curiosity.

“Maybe if you hadn’t docked it out of view, I would have seen someone approaching.”

“Well, there was no other suitable landing zone, Wrecker.”

“Both of you stop it, this isn’t going to solve anything!” Specter snapped at both of them, breaking up their argument. “Hunter, we can’t stay here. We didn’t ration our supplies for this.”

“Where’s the nearest town?” Hunter asked Tech.

“During our approach, I scanned a spaceport approximately 40 klicks south of here. Perhaps we can acquire transport there,” he said, looking through his data pad.

“You know how long that would take?” asked Wrecker, rhetorically. 

“Well, since we do not have access to long-range communications without our ship, it is our only option.” Hunter sighed, contemplating their next steps. 

“Spec? You’ve got the stamina and have trained for long distance. What are our chances before supplies run out?” he asked.

“Well…” she winced, looking among the group, “it’ll be rough but it can be done. Stay in shaded areas if we can, keep helmets on for sun protection and to preserve any sort of cooling, keep our energy low. My main concern is water, but if we time it right, when we run out we’ll reach the spaceport before dehydration sets in.” Specter looked at Hunter; she could tell he was tired and worried, but she had faith. “I think we’ll manage.”

“Alright. Then let’s move.”

Specter kept an even pace beside Hunter in front of the group, keeping her eyes level with the ground ahead of them. The sun was at its zenith, the heat peaked along with it, but the overhanging rocks in the canyon provided merciful breaks of shade. 

She let her thoughts wander to the Valkyrie file, remembering the extensive training program that she would have taken in order to ensure she could survive anything; the Kaminoans selected only a few to undergo the endurance training they curated, young Specter being one of them. She wondered if it was because of the true nature of her creation that prompted them to push her to her limits. Running fast was one thing, but her trainers ensured that she knew how to pace herself for marathons in various environments as well.

The sound of the water canteen behind her was a temptation to break her timed sip, but Omega and Wrecker needed it.

“How much further?” the latter groaned.

“You will not like the answer,” Tech replied.

“Havoc-5, this is Havoc-6. Do you copy?” Omega tried into the comm. “Echo? Are you there?”

“He’s too long-range. Echo won’t pick up our signal,” said Hunter.

“Especially since he disabled his communication device,” added Tech.

“What? Why?” Omega questioned. Specter noticed Hunter slowing his pace, tilting his head as he sensed something.

“I assume he’s on a sensitive mission,” Tech shrugged. Hunter held up a hand, signaling for the group to stop. The ground felt off under Specter’s feet.

“What’s that?” Wrecker wondered as they turned to face whatever was causing the canyon to rumble.

A stampede.

“Run!” Hunter shouted, ushering Omega forward. They started running, but the herd quickly caught up to them, surrounding them and bumping their sides as they passed. 

“Up there!” Specter shouted, pointing to connecting rocks up above. Hunter threw his grappling hook, anchoring it to the rock and letting Omega climb up first. Specter followed, then Hunter, then Tech. Wrecker threw his hook but not before tripping and falling beneath the thundering hooves.

“Wrecker!” Omega shouted.

“I can’t see him!” added Specter, swinging over to his line to give Tech more space. Finally, Wrecker broke free and began to climb up, without their prize.

“You must protect the ipsium case!” Tech shouted.

“Oh, come on!” Specter groaned.

“Well, what about protecting me?” Wrecker argued.

“If it explodes, we’ll all be dead!” Specter hated when Tech was right, but found a sliver of grace.

“I can see the end of the herd! Just for a little while, Wrecker!” she encouraged. He groaned but jumped down, covering the case with his body and letting the creatures run him over. Specter watched as the stampede rumbled past; she worried for a brief moment that she was wrong somehow and that the herd would continue for longer than she thought. But Wrecker was built to be tough, and she had to trust him on that.

Specter breathed a sigh of relief as the herd dissipated and the last of the creatures bounded over Wrecker, ipsium case still intact. 

“My back,” Wrecker groaned, slowly standing up.

“I would advise not dropping it next time,” Tech bluntly pointed out.

“Why don’t you carry it?” Wrecker bit back as Specter descended from the grappling line. Beside her, Hunter helped Omega down.

“Fine.” Tech shrugged and hauled the case over his shoulder. Specter shook her head at his stubbornness. 

“Hook!” Specter called, grabbing the grappling lines.

“Line,” the other Batchers replied, taking a few steps back and covering their heads.

“Sinker!” She whipped the lines, unanchoring the grappling hooks from the rock. Once they fell to the ground, the Batch gathered around again: Wrecker and Hunter wound up their lines before hearing another commotion. They turned to see the storm from earlier drawing near. Lightning and thunder rumbled.

“Well, that would certainly explain the stampede,” Tech said as dust started to funnel into the canyon. They broke out into another run just before they were surrounded by pebbles and dirt. 

“Ow!” Wrecker cried as a larger rock hit his side.

“Omega, get upwind of me!” Specter ordered, shielding her from any debris, wincing at the rocks that pounded against her back. Visibility decreased significantly, there seemed to be no end in sight.

“We need to find shelter!” Hunter shouted.

“There is another mine. Thirty meters ahead!” Tech said.

“I see it!” Omega confirmed. They diverted course, heading toward the mine entrance. Specter heard a grunt, turning to find Tech had fallen and dropped the case.

“Tech!” she shouted into the wind. Wrecker came around and helped him up, dragging him toward the mine.

“The case!” Tech cried as they had left it behind.

“Forget it!” Wrecker protested. Specter guided them over, helping them up the rocks and into the mine entrance. She looked back, seeing the case shudder against the wind, contemplating making a run for it to grab it. “Come on!” Wrecker shouted, holding out his hand for her. She took it, letting him help her inside.

“Where’s the ipsium?” Omega wondered. The volatile case blew closer to the cave, with bright lightning striking closer and closer. The wind picked up the ipsium… right over the mouth of the cave.

“Get down!” Hunter cried, just as the case exploded from a bolt of lightning and rocks came tumbling down. 

It was dark, but she didn’t need to see to know her arm was in severe pain. She whimpered as she tried to move it. Specter’s right shoulder was dislocated. She realized she must have been too close to the entrance just as the rocks fell; one of them must have hit her shoulder just right. Moving her feet, she found her legs were under some rocks, but not crushed in any way. She just couldn’t move.

Ahead of her, Hunter lit a lantern and the others moved themselves upright, dusting themselves off.

“Hunter,” she called, just as the pain in her shoulder flickered down her spine. He turned.

“Specter!” he cried, dropping the lantern and rushing to her side. Wrecker joined him, helping to pull her out. She screamed in pain as they pulled on her right arm, they immediately pulled their hands away, unaware of what happened. “What’s wrong?” Hunter asked as she propped herself up with only one arm.

“Omega, turn away,” was all she said. The girl obeyed. Specter slammed her shoulder into the cave wall, setting it back into place. She caught her breath as the pain dissipated to a dull ache. “Dislocated shoulder,” she wheezed, giving a thumbs up. Omega turned back around, wincing at the sight. 

“Here,” said Hunter, taking off his scarf and turning it into a sling.

“So, now we are trapped. Specter dislocated her shoulder-”

“I put it back!”

“-and we have lost all of our ipsium,” Tech continued.

“Well, I- I suppose that’s my fault too?” said Wrecker.

“Well, technically, yes. If you had not let our ship get stolen, we would be aboard it right now with the mineral,” argued Tech. Specter looked between the two and sighed, putting a hand on Omega’s shoulder. 

“None of this is helping,” Hunter stopped them. “Let’s start digging our way outta here.”

“Fine,” Wrecker grumbled, stepping forward to start moving the boulders. 

Specter found it tricky to work with only one arm… it made her miss Echo. She was certain he would have found it amusing to see her struggle.

She thought they had made good progress, but the pile of rocks blocking their path seemed endless. While the ache in her right shoulder was manageable, soreness in her working left shoulder started to form. She stepped away, resting her axe against the wall and taking a moment to center herself and wipe her brow.

“Something’s not right,” Omega said, pacing back and forth with Tech’s data pad in hand. “The Marauder’s transponder isn’t relaying a signal.”

“It was probably disabled by the thief who commandeered it,” Tech theorized, giving a pointed glance at Wrecker, who growled in response.

“Well, then how are we gonna track it?” Omega wondered. 

“The ship’s not important right now. We gotta get outta here first,” Hunter redirected.

“Quite correct,” Tech nodded, “Besides, it is most unlikely that the Marauder will be recovered.”

“Tech! That is uncalled for!” Specter snapped. 

“Don’t say that. We have to get it back!” Omega cried. 

“We can always acquire another ship. It is merely a mode of transportation,” Tech bluntly suggested.

“The Marauder’s our home.” Omega stepped closer, upset at his lack of empathy. “We already lost Echo. We can’t lose that too.”

“Omega,” Hunter said, gently, “we didn’t lose Echo. He’s just on a different mission.”

“But he’s not here. He’s… he’s not with us. We’re supposed to be a squad.” Specter could see Omega was on the verge of tears.

“This squad existed before Echo was a part of it, and it will exist after,” Tech said. She didn’t like his tone, but found there was a sort of comforting truth to it. “What is your issue?” The comfort was gone. Specter glared at him, but the look Omega gave Tech put her anger to shame. She tossed Tech his data pad and turned to leave. 

Hunter went to follow her, “Omega-”

“I want to be alone,” she grumbled. 

“Let her go, love,” Specter put a hand on his shoulder, stopping him from wanting to follow the girl. He, Specter, and Wrecker all turned, angrily looking at Tech.

“I merely stated the truth,” he defended. 

“She already knows the truth. That’s why she’s upset,” Hunter bit back. 

“We just lost a team member and our ship, and you ask her what her issue is?” Specter hissed. “Tech, she is a young girl going through a hard time right now. She’s not like you where she can just turn off her emotions and not care about anything!” His eyes widened at the outburst. “Just get back to work so we can get out of here,” she muttered, her anger flickering away to exhaustion. The excitement of running from the stampede and the storm, and the pain of dislocating her shoulder depleted her energy reserves.

But she shook her head and grabbed her axe, ready to work again, until Hunter stopped her. 

“I’d feel better if you rested for a while,” he muttered.

“Hunter, I’m not that fragile,” she insisted, almost laughing at the idea. But he gave her a pointed look; he was still worried about her. Specter sighed. “Fine, okay, I’ll sit down. Look at me, resting.” She threw up her hand and slouched against the crate by the lanterns, watching the boys continue to work. 

“It’ll take days to clear a path at this rate,” Tech groaned, trying and failing to push a boulder with his legs. 

“Complaining won’t make it go faster,” Hunter said.

“This operation could use a well-placed detonation. A small amount of ipsium would be more than enough.”

“Well, we had a small amount but somebody dropped it,” Wrecker easily moved Tech’s boulder out of the way. Specter chuckled from her spot.

“Fine. Since losing the mineral was my mistake, I’ll search for any potential extractions within this mine,” Tech shrugged, hopping down from the pile.

“That’s not the only thing you need to fix,” Hunter said.

“Yeah, go check on the kid,” added Wrecker.

“But she said she wanted to be alone,” Tech said, confused by what they wanted him to do. Hunter and Wrecker looked at Specter.

“Don’t look at me, I already said my piece,” she said, holding up her hand. Hunter sighed.

“Look, she’s clearly having a hard time adjusting to Echo leaving. Talk to her,” Hunter said. 

“Very well.” Tech grabbed his pack and helmet, heading deeper into the mine to find Omega. They watched him go, once he was out of sight, Wrecker climbed to the top of the pile, working on dislodging a larger boulder. Specter propped herself up, ready to get to work again.

“Hey, Hunter,” she called, “my shoulder’s feeling a lot better, here’s your scarf back.” He came around, letting her put his red scarf back around his neck, setting it into place. He watched her carefully, letting that warm feeling overcome him. 

“Hey,” he muttered, “Can we talk about–”

“Talk about what?” Stars, please don’t bring up the–

“The kiss?”

Kriff.

“Hunter, I–” she began, finding herself at a loss for words. “Is now really the best time?”

“We may not get any other time.” Her hands stopped moving. She blushed in the darkness and prayed it wasn’t too obvious to Hunter’s heightened senses.

“I’m sorry,” she whispered, hanging her head. “It felt right in the moment. I don’t know what came over me. I–” She went to ramble on but found herself silenced by Hunter gently tilting her chin up, forcing her eyes to meet his. Her breath caught in her chest, heart pounding as he slowly brought her closer, just barely brushing his lips against her in a ghost of a kiss. One she was sure would haunt her in dreams to come. 

“Hunter–” she breathed, tilting her head. 

“I want this. I want you,” he mumbled. Before she could utter another word, he closed the gap between their lips, kissing her softly and gently holding the side of her face. She leaned into his touch as all the pain and shadows melted into a distant memory. She kissed him back, melting into his touch.

He pulled away, resting his forehead against hers. Specter’s eyes fluttered open, bright and sparkling. She giggled, her nose brushing against his.

“So… are we going to talk about that one?” she teased, breathless. 

“I’d rather just kiss you,” Hunter replied, low and soft.

“Let’s make it a habit, then.”   

“A little help!” Wrecker grunted, struggling to push the boulder free. The pair snapped into action, Hunter joining his brother in pushing the rock while Specter grabbed her axe, carefully climbing up the pile before swinging at the rocks, dislodging the boulder enough for the boys to push it down and away. “Why don’t I give that thing a shot?” Wrecker pointed enthusiastically at the weapon; Specter cradled it close.

“Absolutely not!”

The excitement and motivation didn’t last long, soon enough they were tired and hopeless once more. The three pushed a particularly heavy boulder away before sitting down to catch their breath. Wrecker took another sip from the canteen while Specter rested against Hunter. She went to look up at him, but found he was staring down the darkness of the mine.

“What is it, Hunter?” Wrecker asked, noticing as well. Hunter said nothing, only grabbing his comm.

“Tech, come in,” he called. No reply.

“Omega, do you copy?” Specter tried on hers. Still no reply. 

“Something’s wrong,” Hunter affirmed. The three grabbed their gear and went to find their missing teammates. 

“I’m sure Omega wouldn’t have gone too far,” Specter was certain of it in fact. She traced the roughly carved stone, trying to echo what she thought Omega would have done. The boys continued down the main path, but Specter stopped where another tunnel appeared. It was dark and isolating.

“Spec?” Hunter asked once he noticed she wasn’t following.

“This way,” she said, just above a whisper.

“How can you be sure?” Wrecker wondered.

“It’s dark,” she said, “and she wanted to be alone. It’s where I would have gone.”

“I think you’re right,” Hunter affirmed, kneeling at the entrance. “Look. There’s fresh scuff marks, about the width of Tech’s boots. Tech, Omega, do you copy?” he asked again into the comm.

“Affirmative,” Tech finally came through, sounding winded. Specter and Wrecker audibly sighed with relief. “We took an unforeseen detour, but we are alive.”

“Where are you guys?” Specter asked.

“That is a good question. Stand by.” The three made their way down the tunnel as they waited for a response, looking for any other sign. “Hunter, we found an alternate way out, but you will need to retrieve our gear.”

“Found it,” Wrecker said a moment later, finding Omega and Tech’s helmets and packs on the ground by a small entrance to another chamber. Specter checked and found a few more vials of ipsium glowing in Omega’s satchel. 

“Alright, Tech. We’ve got the gear and the ipsium,” Hunter reported.

“Good. Next you’ll need to carefully scale down the narrow crevasse and descend into the aqueduct below. You will come upon us once the rapids eject you over the waterfall. But you must not compromise the mineral vials or you will perish,” Tech instructed. 

“You’ve got to be kidding me,” Wrecker groaned, peeking into the adjacent chamber.

“Hang tight. We’re on our way,” Hunter assured before putting away his comm. Wrecker shook his head.

“I hate this planet!”

“I’m with you, I just dyed my hair,” Specter agreed, mumbling. “Stand back,” she warned, taking her axe and striking the thin layer of rock. It crumbled away, leading them to an outcropping overlooking a deep cavern. The sound of water echoed up into the chamber. 

“How’s the current looking?” Hunter asked.

“It’s not,” Specter scoffed, “I can’t see a thing down there! Let alone the current…but…” she trailed off, searching for something in her pack. “Aha!”

“What’s that?” Wrecker asked.

“Emergency glow-sticks?” Hunter realized.

“I think this constitutes enough of an emergency,” she said, bending the sticks and shaking them, letting the chemicals mix and the insides emit a bright pink glow.

“Clever,” Hunter complimented, smiling under his helmet. “Are we ready?”

“Yessir!” Wrecker and Specter answered simultaneously.

“Alright, drop ‘em in Spec.” She let go of the glowsticks, they watched as they splashed in the black water and began to float away. Wrecker was the first to dive in; Hunter gave Specter’s hand a quick squeeze before they both jumped in after their teammate.

Tech and Omega sat quietly, listening to the water, contemplating what they had discussed. It was a moment of peace until Wrecker’s screams grew louder and louder. The waterfall spit him out, along with Hunter and Specter. Three gasped for air and made their way over to the beach, catching their breath.

“See? That wasn’t so bad,” Omega comforted Wrecker as he coughed and gave a thumbs up. Specter yanked off her helmet and tried to shine her light on her hair.

“Did my hair dye wash out?” she, almost frantically, asked. Omega giggled and gave Specter a quick hug.

“It looks fine, Specter,” she assured. Specter smiled and kissed the top of the girl’s head, happy to see she was okay. A few steps away, Tech grabbed his pack and inspected his helmet for any damage; she sighed, knowing she had to say something. When Omega had gone to check on Hunter, she stepped towards him, waiting for him to acknowledge her presence. 

“We saw your emergency glow-sticks. I assume they were to track the current?” he asked. She nodded.

“Tech, I-” Specter stopped herself, trying to find the words to reach him, “I’m sorry, for calling you apathetic.” He seemed surprised at her apology. “I know that you process things a lot differently than we do. I was just stressed and I let it get to me.”

“I wish to apologize as well,” he said, adjusting his goggles. “It wasn’t until my discussion with Omega that made me realize that how I process and express my emotions negatively affected my team. I know I cannot change my fundamental self, but I will make an effort to keep you in mind.” Specter smiled. 

“You said you had an alternate way out?” Hunter asked, coming close.

“Ah, yes. We will need a vial of ipsium.” Tech already scurried off, grabbing the mineral. Hunter turned to Specter, she nodded that everything was alright. “That spot up there should do the trick,” Tech said, pointing up to a ledge in the cave wall. 

“Hunter, can you help me up?” Omega called. He jogged over, lacing his hands together and lowering them for the girl to use as a platform. Specter wanted to remind her to keep her legs straight, but the girl beat her to it, reaching up and carefully setting the ipsium on the rock. As soon as it was set, they all ran for cover behind a boulder.

“How come he gets to blow it up?” Wrecker groaned as Tech took aim. 

“If the shot is not precise, it will cause another cave-in,” Tech said slowly, readjusting his aim. He took a breath, waiting to fire, the others ducked and covered their heads.

He fired.

The ipsium and the rock around it exploded, revealing warm sunlight. 

“Nice shot!” Specter cheered, being the first to stand and head towards the outside. The rest of them followed, taking in the fresh air and sun. “We lost a few hours, but at least the heat won’t be much of an issue,” she said, noting the sun sinking in the distance.

“That is the spaceport,” Tech pointed to a small cluster of buildings, “but there does not appear to be much activity.”

“Well, there better be some chow down there, because I’m sick of rations,” Wrecker groaned, rubbing his stomach. 

“Let’s check it out,” Hunter nodded to Omega. She smiled and took the lead, guiding the others down the canyon.

It was dark by the time they made it to the spaceport; Specter’s stomach had stopped bothering to tell her that she needed to eat, but flipped at the eerie sight of the empty port. Wrecker ran ahead to a pot left over a long-dead fire, groaning in disappointment upon finding nothing inside.

“Where is everyone?” Omega wondered.

“It’s abandoned,” Hunter sighed. “For a while by the look of it.”

“We came all this way for nothing!” Wrecker cried.

“Not nothing,” said Tech, looking up at a towering post.

“Is that what I think it is?” Specter joined him.

“Indeed. I can send out a long-range transmission with that array. We might just have a way out.”

“No can do fellas. I’m tied up at the moment. You’ll have to figure it out yourselves,” Cid shrugged, apathetic to their situation. 

“Cid, you sent us on this mission,” Hunter growled. Specter put a hand on his shoulder, stopping him from making any more threats.

“Well, I didn’t tell you to get your ship stolen, did I?” Cid sneered. The roles were reversed as Hunter held Specter back from stepping forward and making threats. 

“Cid, we need your help,” Omega pleaded. 

“Just like we helped you regain control of your parlor from Roland Durand, and when we cleared your sizable debt with Millegi-”

“I didn’t ask for a recap, Goggles,” the Trandoshan interrupted. The hologram looked over the group before sighing. “Alright. Give me a few days and I’ll see what I can do.”

“We don’t have enough rations to last a few-” Cid cut the signal before she heard anything else. Specter clicked her tongue in annoyance.

“What do we do now?” Wrecker asked.

“We’ll figure it out,” Omega said with hope in her voice, “like we always do.”

In the distance, thunder rumbled and lightning flashed. Hunter faced the clouds, assessing if it would pose any threat to them; Specter grabbed his hand, interlacing her fingers through his and giving a reassuring squeeze. The rest of the squad stood beside them, ready to face the storm together. 

I swear, that kiss scene had me giggling and kicking my feet. Thank you so much @ryleeeeeenn

[lonestarflight]

Grumman Aerospace Corporation artist’s concept, a “Design 523” shuttle orbiter is depicted coming in for a powered landing at KSC, using its deployed forward-mounted air-breathing engines.

Grumman's description of the Phase A Space Shuttle design

"Design 532 is a fully reusable, two-stage space shuttle with an initial low cross-range payload of 12,800 lb. Design 532 is also designed for the high aerodynamic cross-range potential and makes provisions for phased implementation of increased payload and performance capability. This approach permits a stepwise increase in capability and growth while decoupling the technical risk and reducing initial cost. Using engines and electronics derived from existing equipment should assure an earlier first flight. Additional performance becomes available with introduction of the high-pressure orbiter engines with a payload of 22,600 lb.

The Design 532 booster is fully reusable with LOX/RP-1 propellants and five F1 engines. A deliberately conservative approach to the design of the booster minimizes technical risk and cost by avoiding development of large-scale hydrogen tankage. Development savings of several hundred million dollars per year appear possible for this orbiter-booster combination.

The Design 532 orbiter will, at first, use three J2S engines, operate at low cross range, and be fitted with first generation avionics. The baseline Design 532 orbiter is achieved by subsequent installation of the high Isp, high-pressure 250,000 lb. thrust engines. Improved thermal protection systems extend cross range, and second-generation electronics improve operational efficiency. We believe that operational experience with the orbiter will show that for certain missions the air-breathing engines are not required. Therefore, the flying qualities have been tailored to accommodate both engine weight in and engine weight out cg positions. Removal of the air-breathing engines and reduction of on-orbit propellant will increase payload capacity to orbit to 52,700 lb. As a further step to make even heavier up-payloads possible, we have made provisions for a potential non-reusable kick stage. This would raise the payload limit to 76,500 lb. In conjunction with this attention to capacity for heavy payloads, the Design 532 cargo bay has been conceived as a 'flat-bed' sized for a 10 ft. diameter payload carried internally, 15 ft. diameter carried semi-submerged, and for 22 ft. diameter carried externally.

To summarize, Design 532 is based on the following considerations:

- Reduced initial funding requirements

- Payload flexibility and growth

- Early initial flight date and initial operational capability"

Date: 1970

Mike Acs's Collection

NASA ID: S70-5601

[zhongtian33]

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE)

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) is a highly specialized lubricant that offers exceptional performance in various industrial applications. PFPE grease, oil, and lubricants are widely used in demanding environments where extreme temperatures, chemical resistance, and low friction are crucial.

PFPE grease is a type of lubricating grease made from perfluoropolyether oil as its base. With its excellent thermal stability, PFPE grease can withstand high temperatures without compromising its lubricating properties. This makes it ideal for use in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and semiconductor manufacturing, where equipment operates under extreme conditions.

PFPE oil, also derived from perfluoropolyether, is known for its superior chemical resistance and non-flammability. It provides long-lasting lubrication and protection for various mechanical components, even in harsh chemical environments. PFPE oil finds applications in chemical processing plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and vacuum systems where the integrity of the lubricant is critical.

As a perfluoropolyether-based lubricant, PFPE offers unique advantages over traditional oils and greases. Its low surface tension and high thermal stability contribute to reduced friction and wear, enhancing the overall durability and efficiency of machinery. Moreover, PFPE's inert nature prevents it from reacting with most materials, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of metals, elastomers, and plastics.

When it comes to choosing the right lubricant, PFPE lube stands out as an excellent choice. Its high viscosity index and exceptional load-carrying capacity make it suitable for heavy-duty applications. Whether it's providing lubrication in gears, bearings, or seals, PFPE lube ensures optimal performance and extends the lifespan of critical equipment.

In summary, perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants, including PFPE grease, oil, and lubricants, offer unparalleled performance in extreme conditions. Their thermal stability, chemical resistance, and low friction properties make them indispensable in various industries. With their exceptional reliability and versatility, PFPE-based lubricants play a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency and longevity of industrial machinery.

[etes-secrecy-post]

Hi, before I explain my post, I want to say something important.

• What you see my blog has become a major overhaul. And despite the changes, I decided that my 2nd account will be now my artwork blog with a secret twist.

⚠️NEW RULE! (W/ BIGGER TEXT!)⚠️

⚠️ SO PLEASE DO NOT SHARE MY 2nd ACCOUNT TO EVERYONE! THIS SECRECY BLOG OF MINE IS FOR CLOSES FRIENDS ONLY!⚠️

• AND FOR MY CLOSES FRIENDS, DON’T REBLOG IT. INSTEAD, JUST COPY MY LINK AND PASTE IT ON YOUR TUMBLR POST! JUST BE SURE THE IMAGE WILL BE REMOVED AND THE ONLY LEFT WAS THE TEXT.

⚠️ SHARING LINKS, LIKE POSTS, REBLOG POSTS, STEALING MY SNAPSHOT PHOTOS/RECORDED VIDEOS/ARTWORKS (a.k.a. ART THIEVES) OR PLAGIARIZING FROM UNKNOWN TUMBLR STRANGERS WILL IMMEDIATELY BE BLOCKED, RIGHT AWAY!⚠️

😡 WHATEVER YOU DO, DO NOT EVER LIKED & REBLOG MY SECRET POST! THIS IS FOR MY SECRET FRIENDS ONLY, NOT YOU! 😡

Okay? Capiche? Make sense? Good, now back to the post…↓

#Onthisday: Jul 1st, 2017

Title: Cuteness Members - Lammy & Mr. Pickels

Here's my 1st artwork this 1st day of July, a two for one special artwork! 😁

Lammy 🐑 and Mr. Pickels 🥒, both newest members in Cuteness Defender. Both of them had become a "Newtype" due to gained a "Psycommu system"in their mind. Lammy's got the armored "Psycommu Rick Dom" (Now known as "Schnee Weiss" / "Snow White" in the official Gundam Side Story Manga), while her backup supporter Mr. Pickels rides the "Elmeth", both of which have built-in "Psycommu system". 🙂

Psycommu Rick Dom Lammy (Nickname: "White Sheep") Came from the real: MS-09R4 (MS-09RN) MS-09S Psycommu Rick Dom (a.k.a. Schnee Weiss [German translates to "Snow White")

Armament(s):

• Funnel Packs A Turtle Shell-alike device, this giant device is used to house Psycommu Rick Dom's Bits. While the Bits efficiency is unquestionable on the battlefield, this piece of equipment is also very bulky and heavy, thus making the Psycommu Rick Dom a bit less more agile compare to a standard model.

• Bits Bits are a type of mobile pod weapon that is equipped with a rocket thruster, verniers, a power generator, a single beam gun, and a receptor designed to work in conjunction with the Psycommu system. Their systems are designed to allow the bit an extended operating time independent of its carrier. The Psycommu system allowed the bits to receive commands via psycowaves from the pilot, thus allowing for control that is not interrupted by Minovsky particles. The beam gun with its own power generator allows the bit to conduct its own attacks. When multiple bits attack at once they can conduct all range attacks.

• Heat Saber The Psycommu Rick Dom's main close-quarter-combat weapon is a heat saber, this weapon bears a strong resemblance to the beam sabers used by Earth Federation mobile suits, however it still relies on the older technology of using thermal energy to superheat a metal blade, allowing it to melt through the armor of an enemy machine at high speed.

Optional Armament(s):

• Ex-T2-2 Beam Bazooka A new weapon developed near the end of the war and given to the Rick Dom. It is an experimental beam bazooka, and its use requires the Rick Dom's energy systems to be modified. The bazooka has its own internal reactor, rather than an E-cap, and is, essentially, a Battleship deck gun scaled down for mobile suit use. Due to using a reactor rather than an E-cap, the bazooka is capable of a single sustained blast or several short bursts, requiring a lengthy recharge period of approximately 10 minutes before it can be used again.

Special Equipment/Feature(s):

• Psycommu System Researchers discover that Newtypes emit powerful thought waves - similar to regular brainwaves, but not electrical in nature - which they call psycowaves. The researchers goes on to develop a mind-machine interface called the psycommu (psyco-communicator) system, which receives these thought waves and translates them into computer commands. Using this interface a Newtype can direct remote weapons and operate huge mobile armors by thought alone.

As for Mr. Pickels' "MAN-08 Elmeth": Link → [CLICK ME!]

Armament(s):

• (2x) Mega Particle Gun The Elmeth is equipped with a pair of mega particle guns that are set on a track, allowing them to elevate and depress. Unlike the beam rifles of mobile suits, the mega particles used in these guns are generated from Elmeth's powerful Minovsky fusion reactor, allowing for unlimited ammunition.

• Bits Bits are a type of remote weapon equipped with a rocket thruster, verniers, a power generator, a single beam gun, and a receptor designed to work with the Psycommu system. Their systems allow the bits to operate, attack and move independently of its carrier for an extended period of time. The Psycommu system allowed the bits to receive commands via psycowaves from the pilot, thus allowing for long-range control uninterrupted by Minovsky particles. When multiple bits attack at once from multiple angles, they can conduct all range attacks. The Elmeth is equipped with 12 bits, which are launched through a pair of hatches in the rear.

Special Equipment/Feature(s):

• Psycommu System

Lammy & Mr. Pickels - Happy Tree Friends © Mondo Media Armor & Mobile Armor ( Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Deleted Affair: Portrait Of Young Comet & Mobile Suit Gundam 0079) - Gundam Series © SUNRISE, Sotsu, MBS

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RAF women cannot fly the F-35 stealth jet because 'the helmets are too heavy'

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 07/02/2023 - 12:00 in Military

None of the about 30 female pilots of the Royal British Air Force (RAF) is flying in the F-35 stealth fighter. The reason is the current helmet used in the 5th generation fighter.

Speaking to the Defense Committee, the head of the Air Force, Sir Mike Wigston, said that women are very delicate for the F-35 heavy helmet. Because to transport the Gen III model used by the RAF, British pilots have to weigh at least 68 kilos. Lighter pilots are at risk of neck injuries if they have to eject from the F-35 in an emergency.

The pilots of the new RAF F-35 stealth fighter aircraft, which entered service in June 2018 with the illustrious Squadron 617 "Dambusters", are equipped with an exclusive electronic helmet.

The helmet full of electronics offers pilots not only protection, but also an information package, including cameras with thermal sensors or night vision that follows their gaze, allowing them to "look through" the plane for an almost complete situational awareness.

In fact, the helmet that accompanies the F-35 Lightning II is significantly heavier than that of other fighters, weighing 2.5 kg. Because it is basically equipped with displays that the pilot needs with the information for his missions - including speed, direction, altitude, target information and warnings. Instead of a heads-up display, the F-35 information is projected directly into the pilot's display, reducing the pilot's workload and increasing responsiveness. A camera system mounted on the aircraft also allows the pilot to use the helmet viewfinder to see things under the jet wings.

Parliamentarian Tobias Ellwood, chairman of the House of Commons defense committee, said: "There needs to be a second lighter helmet for women to wear."

There is also a "light" version of the F-35 helmet. With only 2.09 kilos, it is similar in weight to F-15 and F-16 helmets. Lighter pilots could also fly with him. However, the head of the Air Force does not believe in the purchase of the $400,000 equipment. "We would have problems approving it in terms of safety because it does not offer the pilot the protection that the other helmet has now," he said.

Wigston sees no discrimination against female pilots: "This is the minimum weight limit for the F-35, and it doesn't matter if you are a man, a woman or anyone else, that's what applies."

The air marshal also said that, on a case-by-case basis, if the fitness of a female or very light pilot meant that they were more suitable for flying on the Lightning than on the Typhoon, the RAF could consider issuing them a "lighter safe helmet".

Is the helmet issue really the reason why no woman sits in the cockpit of a British F-35? The average weight of British women is 72 kilos, so the 68 kilo limit should not be a problem anyway.

unlike RAF, at USAF the gender issue in the F-35 cockpit is no longer a problem, with the first woman driving the Lightning II for the first time in 2015. According to USAF F-35 pilot Christine Mau: "The plane does not know what the gender of his pilot is. And he doesn't care either."

Tags: Military AviationF-35 Lightning IIRAF - Royal Air Force/Royal Air Force

Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. He uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types

There are a variety of shapes and sizes available in alloy steel buttweld fittings. Fittings like these are used in a variety of industries, including automotive and industrial. Alloy steel fittings are made from alloy steels and other metals. The alloy steel buttweld fittings can be welded, machined, and heat treated to produce a wide range of products. When purchasing a set of steel fittings, as well as larger quantities, most fitting manufacturers offer package deals. Bulk purchases may also be discounted. Find out if shipping and handling charges are included in the pricing offered by your local supplier.

The article Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types introduces Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types. The book explains the composition and characteristics of alloy steel. The book includes detailed information on the basic machine processes and operating conditions of Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types, heat treatment, machining procedures, and test methods for Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types. To get a feel for what this product is like, you can also view our sample products. Do your research before buying. 

Click on the links below to learn more about Alloy Steel Buttweld Fittings Available Types. A typical size is approximately 4 inches in diameter (roughly 0.926 inches thick) and 1/2 inch in thickness (roughly 0.127 inches thick). Standardized to BS EN 642 and AIB 6073, typical values are approximately 4 inches in diameter and 1/2 inch in thickness. Based on the total weight of the alloy, the material contains approximately 0.5% carbon by weight.

The versatile alloy of alloy steel buttweld fittings is used for a wide range of applications. Weldability, pressure bearing strength, and thermal stability are excellent. For superior durability under heavy loads, it possesses chromium, molybdenum, and ferrous. While fitting in the processing system, it resists corrosion caused by hazardous gases and chemicals. Weldable alloy steel buttweld fittings have a low carbon content and are resistant to carbide precipitation.

Various types of alloy steel buttweld fittings are made with chemical compositions of great strength and hardness. These chemicals include carbon, nickel, aluminum, manganese, titanium, and iron. There are even numerous specifications for these alloy fittings, such as size, standards, grade, types, thickness, forms, ends, surfaces, finishes, lengths, widths, applications, tolerances, conditions, and pressure. 

Various properties of these alloy fittings include hardness, corrosion resistance, and sustainability at annealed temperatures. The properties of alloy fittings include thermal conductivity, electrical resistance, modulus of expansion, density, melting point, elongation, and electrical conductivity. There are numerous types of these fittings, including seamless, welded, fabricated, and ERW.

Among the many industries and general works that use alloy steel Buttweld Fittings are the pharmaceutical industry, gas processing, chemical equipment, pharmaceutical equipment, offshore oil drilling, industry, heat exchangers, condensers, seawater equipment, petrochemicals, power generation, food processing, paper mills, pulp mills, rail components, road transportation components, pumps, shafts, and military applications. The alloy steel Buttweld Fittings are made with several properties that enable them to be used in annealed temperatures and chloride environments without any deformation. The fittings are resistant to crevice corrosion, stress corrosion, cracking corrosion, pitting corrosion, and impact corrosion.

Pipe fittings (as opposed to Tube fittings) are butt-welded onto the pipe. They are produced according to different ‘schedules’. Based on the nominal bore pipe size, the schedule determines the wall thickness. It is common to find schedules 10 and 40, but schedules 80 and 160 are also available.

For more information visit 

[srjsteel]

Why HR Coils Are Crucial for Heavy Engineering Projects: Powering Industrial Innovation

The Basic Role of HR Coils in Modern Engineering

Steel has been the backbone of industrial development, but Hot Rolled (HR) Coils are a quantum leap in material engineering that has revolutionized heavy industrial projects. These advanced steel products are not just materials; they are precision-engineered solutions to complex structural challenges across multiple engineering domains.

The Inference Behind HR Coils

The HR Coils emanate out from a complex process that entirely changes the molecular aspect of the steel, hence ending with a material with distinct properties. The difference comes as the coils go for extensive reshaping instead of just changing their nature at an elemental level.

Pivotal Features of HR Coils

The unique characteristic about HR Coils and all that distinguishes these steel-based materials from conventional items of steel are:

Ultimate Structural Strength: Endurable to the extreme tensile stress

Superior Thermal Stability: Perform well under various environmental conditions

Improved Formability: Possibility of complex manufacturing and design

Excellent Durability: Increased the lifecycle of critical infrastructure

Material Quality Consistency: Predictable performance in high-stakes engineering projects

The Sophisticated Manufacturing Process

HR Coils production is a masterclass in metallurgical engineering:

High-Temperature Initial Processing: Steel is heated above the critical transformation temperatures

Precision Rolling: Controlled deformation to optimize material properties

Rapid Cooling: Controlled thermal reduction to preserve the desired properties

Continuous Quality Checking: Thorough testing to guarantee excellent performance levels

Engineering Applications: Where HR Coils Excel

Versatility in Critical Sectors

HR Coils boast unmatched performance in various engineering industries:

Infrastructure Building on an Immense Scale

Manufacturing Heavy Machinery

Transportation Equipment Fabrication

Industrial Plant Building

Infrastructure in the Energy Sector

Automotive Engineering

Shipbuilding and Marine Structures

Performance Verification: Severe Engineering Conditions

Imagine the extreme conditions of building offshore oil platforms. Such conditions require materials that must:

Resist corrosive marine environments

Withstand extreme temperature fluctuations

Endure significant mechanical stress

Maintain structural integrity under continuous load

HR Coils step forward as the ultimate material, offering an unprecedented combination of strength, flexibility, and lifespan that traditional materials cannot match.

Technological and Economic Implications

The impact of HR Coils goes far beyond immediate structural performance:

Substantial reduction in material waste

Improved manufacturing efficiency

Reduced carbon footprint in industrial processes

Extended equipment operational lifecycle

Improved overall structural reliability

Cost-effective long-term infrastructure solutions

Selection Criterion on Strategic Materials

Holistic Evaluation Framework

Engineers evaluate HR Coils along numerous critical dimensions:

Detailed analysis of metallurgical composition

Resistance to mechanical stresses

Resistance to heat distortion

Corrosion-protection mechanisms

Economic practicability

Long-term potential performance

Compatibility with advanced engineering challenges

Relative Technological Benefits

HR Coils have significant benefits when considered against regular steel products in the market.

Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Great strength

Material Formability: Extremity in manufacturing

Homogeneity: Uniformity throughout production lots

Economical: Less maintenance and replacement

Technological Innovation: Meeting Leading Engineering Specifications

Beyond Choosing HR Coils: A Value Investment

Selecting HR Coils is more than just an acquisition decision; it's a statement of technological superiority, optimized operations, and future-proof construction.

New-age engineering teams view material selection as the final word for project success or failure. HR Coils encapsulate the ideal combination of state-of-the-art metallurgy, high-technology manufacturing, and innovative approach to design.

Unlock Your Engineering Potential. Advanced HR Coils.

The most ambitious projects require nothing but the best in material technology, and that is precisely what precision-engineered HR Coils promise.

Engineering possibilities. Building futures. Powered by innovative metallurgical excellence.

[marketsndata]

Saudi Arabia Heat Exchangers Market Analysis 2031

Saudi Arabia Heat exchangers market is projected to witness a CAGR of 6.32% during the forecast period 2024-2031, growing from USD 0.38 billion in 2023 to USD 0.63 billion in 2031.

Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat from one fluid to another without direct fluid contact. The equipment is used in extensive applications across industrial, commercial, and residential sectors, along with HVAC and refrigeration, providing efficient fluid or air heating or cooling.

The growth of heat exchangers in Saudi Arabia is driven by several factors, such as industrial expansion, regulatory policies, and technological advancements. Key industries that are helping the market to grow are petrochemicals, desalination, and oil and gas, which will further enhance demand for heat exchangers in the forecast years. Moreover, government initiatives to reduce the emissions of carbon and attain sustainability goals will continue to drive the growth of Saudi Arabia heat exchangers market in the forecast years. The innovative technologies in the market resulted in fostering the demand for the product in the country. Moreover, the Saudi Green Initiative aims to generate 50% of energy from renewable sources by 2030, which will boost the demand for heat exchangers in the country. The policy aims to reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency, and achieve the set goals.

Additionally, the government is promoting investments in the industrial sector, especially in the manufacturing of heat exchangers and equipment components. The investment has been made to enhance local production and decrease reliance on imports, which will further grow the heat exchangers market.

For instance, in January 2022, Saudi Aramco signed ten agreements during the Saudi Korean Investment Forum, which includes a significant collaboration with Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction to establish a casting and forging facility in Saudi Arabia. This facility is expected to produce 60,000 tons per year of industrial equipment, prominently featuring heat exchangers. The initiative aims to enhance local manufacturing capabilities and improve the supply chain for essential components in various sectors, including oil and gas. The moves highlight Aramco’s commitment to increasing local content in industrial manufacturing while supporting the development of low-carbon technologies.

Growth in the Oil and Gas Sector to Fuel Market Demand

In Saudi Arabia, the oil and gas sector contributes to almost 90% of the total government revenue. Globally, the country is ranked as one of the top producers of oil, with a daily production capacity of around 10.5 million barrels. The Saudi government is commencing new policies of investing over USD 200 billion to enhance refining abilities. Heat exchangers are essential devices for operation in the oil and gas sector, and they have major applications such as heating, cooling, and energy recovery in refineries and gas processing plants. The investments in enhancing the adoption of energy-efficient technologies boost the demand for heat exchangers in the market.

The country is introducing new policies for reducing carbon emissions, which will boost the demand for heat exchangers in industrial applications. To support this, the government is promoting the adoption of efficient heat exchangers in the oil and gas sector. Industries are highly opting for heat exchangers to enhance efficiency for thermal management operations. The country is coming up with ambitious infrastructure projects, including the development of different projects, such as Jafurah gas field, which is expected to require extensive use of heat exchangers for processing natural gas and related products.

Environmental Regulations to Act as a Catalyst for Market Growth

The country is coming up with a new program, Saudi Vision 2030, which is focused on attaining environmental sustainability. The initiative includes the implementation of stricter rules and regulations across all the sectors in the country. The Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO) has implemented new standards with guidelines concerning the energy efficiency and environmental impact of industrial activities. The regulations introduced by the government will push energy efficiency technology upwards, especially heat exchangers, which minimizes energy losses and increases system efficiency. With the implementation of regulations, each industry will ensure the use of a highly efficient heat exchanger in its operations. The new regulation aligns with the pattern of environmental responsibility, which has led the Saudi Arabian industries to embrace cleaner and more efficient technologies.

The regulations mentioned by the organization increase the adoption of energy-saving technologies, especially heat exchangers. In efforts to comply with the requirements of new regulations, several industries are expected to raise the demand for high-efficiency heat exchangers. It aligns with the global moves towards environmental responsibility that have compelled industries in Saudi Arabia to invest in cleaner and more efficient technologies. Transition to sustainable practices is helpful in facilitating compliance with industry regulations. The transition will be beneficial in the long run, saving operations and environmental protection. Moreover, the increasing priority of Saudi Arabian regulatory authorities in energy efficiency and sustainability will influence the heat exchangers market and, thus, become an essential component to reach environmental targets set by the country in coming years.

For instance, in November 2022, Saudi Aramco signed 59 corporate procurement agreements (CPAs) with 51 local and global manufacturers, valued at USD 11 billion. Air-cooled heat exchangers are among the strategic commodities covered by these CPAs, which are essential for various industrial applications. The agreements include partnerships with notable companies such as Baker Hughes, Cameron Al Rushaid, Halliburton, SLB, and TechnipFMC. The initiative falls under Aramco’s in-Kingdom Total Value Add program (iktva), which focuses on fostering long-term commitments with supplier partners to enhance local manufacturing capabilities.

Shell and Tubes Heat Exchangers to Dominate Market Share

Shell and tube heat exchangers have a high adoption rate, becoming the dominant segment in the Saudi Arabia heat exchangers market. The robustness feature enables products to handle high temperatures and pressures, making them ideal for various industries such as petrochemicals, power generation, and oil and gas. Given that a significant portion of Saudi Arabia’s revenue comes from the oil and gas sector, shell and tube heat exchangers are extensively utilized in refineries and gas processing plants for heating and cooling applications. Additionally, as the largest producer of desalinated water, Saudi Arabia frequently employs heat exchangers in desalination plants for thermal processes like Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) and Multi-Stage Flash (MSF). The integration of new technologies, such as reverse osmosis, necessitates specialized heat exchangers for energy recovery. Furthermore, in line with the Saudi Vision 2030 plan, Saudi Arabia is increasing investments in solar energy projects, predominantly concentrated solar power (CSP), where shell and tube heat exchangers are used for efficient thermal energy transfer.

For instance, in November 2022, Alfa Laval reported an increase in orders for shell and tube heat exchangers from Saudi Arabia. The company secured the contract to supply compact heat exchangers for a significant green hydrogen plant in Neom. This development will help the company to increase its revenue and customer base.

Eastern Region to Dominate the Heat Exchangers Market Share

The eastern region is expected to dominate the Saudi Arabia heat exchangers market with the highest share. The region includes a significant oil production hub, which contributes more than 80% of Saudi Arabia’s oil production and includes refineries such as Saudi Aramco and Ras Tanura. These plants have a significant demand for heat exchangers as equipment is essential for efficient heating, cooling, energy recovery processes, and processing of crude oil. Furthermore, The Eastern Province is home to various desalination plants, which are crucial for providing potable water where water scarcity is a significant challenge, depending heavily on heat exchangers for efficient thermal energy transfer.

Moreover, the Saudi government is heavily investing in the eastern region for renewable energy projects under Saudi Vision 2030. Some initiatives, such as the Dumat Al Jandal wind farm and the development of concentrated solar power (CSP) projects, will increase demand for advanced heat exchanger technologies, particularly those required for energy storage and conversion systems.

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Future Market Scenario (2024 – 2031F)

Saudi Arabia aims to produce 50% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. Projects like solar and wind farms will stimulate the need for more advanced heat exchangers.

Increased emphasis on energy efficiency, driven by stricter regulations from SASO, will compel industries to implement high-efficiency heat exchangers for decreased energy wastage and environmental harm.

Continuous innovation in heat exchanger technology, including the development of microchannel and plate & frame designs, is anticipated to enhance performance and efficiency, catering to modern industrial needs.

Saudi Arabia is the biggest producer of desalinated water globally, and the need for advanced heat exchangers in new desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis and multi-effect distillation will drive market growth.

Report Scope

“Saudi Arabia Heat Exchangers Market Assessment, Opportunities and Forecast, 2017-2031F”, is a comprehensive report by Markets and Data, providing in-depth analysis and qualitative and quantitative assessment of the current state of Saudi Arabia heat exchangers market, industry dynamics, and challenges. The report includes market size, segmental shares, growth trends, opportunities, and forecast between 2024 and 2031. Additionally, the report profiles the leading players in the industry, mentioning their respective market share, business models, competitive intelligence, etc.

Click here for full report- https://www.marketsandata.com/industry-reports/saudi-arabia-heat-exchangers-market

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Top 5 Building Materials Used in the Construction of Factories and Industrial Structures

Top 5 Building Materials Used in the Construction of Factories and Industrial Structures

General Introduction

Constructing factories, manufacturing units, and other industrial structures demands the use of durable building materials that can endure the rigorous demands of heavy machinery, harsh environmental conditions, and stringent safety standards. These structures must not only provide a safe and secure environment for operations but also ensure longevity and efficiency in industrial processes. In this discussion, we delve into the top five essential materials used in industrial construction, emphasizing their unique properties, advantages, and versatile applications across various industrial settings.

Industrial infrastructure in Gujarat

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Key Building Materials for Industrial Construction

Steel

Steel is an important material in industrial construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility. It forms the backbone of structures and is used for framing, beams, columns, and roofing. The high load-bearing capacity of steel, as a construction material, supports heavy machinery and equipment, and its fire resistance enhances safety in industrial settings.

Advantages of Steel:

- Strength and Durability: It is able to withstand heavy loads and harsh environments.

- Design Flexibility: It allows for efficient designs and large spans.

- Fire Resistance: It does not contribute to the spread of fire, ensuring safety.

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Applications:

- Structural frameworks, roofing, machinery support, and safety features.

Concrete

Concrete offers properties such as strength, durability, and thermal mass properties, making it indispensable in industrial building construction. It is used for constructing foundations, floors, walls, and exterior surfaces of an industrial structure. Reinforced concrete or RCC, enhances structural integrity, supporting heavy industrial loads effectively.

Advantages of Concrete:

- Versatility:It can be moulded into various shapes and forms.

- Thermal Mass: It offers insulation and energy efficiency.

- Fire Resistance: Concrete is inherently fire-resistant.

Manufacturing projects in Gujarat

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Applications:

- Foundations, flooring, walls, and exterior surfaces.

Brick

Brick remains a traditional choice valued for its strength, durability, and aesthetic appeal in constructionof industrial buildings. It offers thermal insulation and fire resistance, used for walls, partitions, and decorative elements.

Advantages of Brick:

- Thermal Insulation: Brick maintains stable indoor temperatures.

- Fire Resistance: It enhances safety measures.

- Aesthetic Versatility: They are available in various colours and textures.

Applications:

- Load-bearing walls, partitions, facade, and decorative elements.

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Glass

Glass enhances industrial structures with transparency, natural light, and aesthetic appeal. It is used for windows, skylights, and facades, enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort.

Advantages of Glass:

- Natural Light: It reduces reliance on artificial lighting.

- Energy Efficiency: Glass improves thermal performance with advanced glazing.

- Aesthetic Appeal: It enhances modern architectural designs.

Applications:

- Windows, skylights, curtain walls, and interior partitions.

Composite Materials

Composite materials like fiberglass and carbon fibreprovide high strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility. They are used in specialized structural components, reducing weight and improving durability.

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Advantages of Composite Materials:

- Strength-to-Weight Ratio: It is lightweight yet strong.

- Corrosion Resistance: It is suitable for harsh environments.

- Design Flexibility: Composite materials mould into complex shapes.

Applications:

- Structural components, cladding, piping, and industrial equipment.

Engineering Consultancy in Vadodara

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Address: Chitrakoot Flats, Ground floor, Behind Time of India, Off Ashram Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India,380009

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